Grammar

Noun-a word that refers to a person, (such as Ann or doctor), a place (such as Paris or city) or a thing, a quality or an activity (such as plant, sorrow or tennis.




ability communications handling Monday source

access companies hate mutilation sourer

accounts company Highway nations South Korea

addresses computer hours net space

adults concern incompetent netizens spree

aids countries ideas nightmare stake

aim crime impact number stock

amount criminals increase organisations students

analyzer criticism individuals over time subject

angers culture industry overall super

anti-virus damage influenced overload talents

apple data information panic telephone

April days inspiration parents today

arrival disaster internet passwords tool

Asia display items pentagon top

assassination dog-eat-dog Japanese playground Turkey

audience doing junk post UK

banks effect justifications power understanding

breach E-mail legacy producers users

British environment levels pornography violence

business equilibrium library ranging virus

causes example like ramous victims

champion expertise line reputations volumes

channel feature linked research waves

character files mail revenge way

characters fingertips manager revolutionised works

Chen (name) form mankind risks world

children future market salespersons year

claimed giant material schools youngsters

close governments Middle-East shock



commission grave minds sites



command Gutter minors society



commitment hackers Misinformation software









Type of Nouns

Abstract noun-a noun, for example goodness or freedom, that refers to an idea or a general quality, not to a physical object

ability incompetent talents feature risks

aim ideas super expertise revenge

concern influenced breach character like

criticism inspiration characters justifications minds

culture panic commitment like reputations

angers Misinformation command minds power

hate nightmare future shock legacy

violence understanding









Common noun-a word such as table, cat, or sea, that refers to an object or a thing but is not the name of a particular person, place or thing

access handling spree commission material

adults hours stake giant minors

aids increase tock close society

analyzer individuals number form sites

assassination information impact children salespersons

audience internet criminals fingertips ranging

display disaster subject files producers

days pentagon top example post

arrival items tool equilibrium users

data passwords banks environment virus

apple organisations business effect volumes

damage netizens causes levels waves

crime net champion library way

computer mutilation channel line works

company software claimed linked year

accounts source Gutter mail



communications sourer grave manager



hackers space governments market









Proper noun-a word that is the name of a person, a place, an institution, etc. and is written with a capital letter, for example Tom, Mrs Jones, Rome, Europe, the Rhine, the Houses of Parliament

April Asia Monday Japanese South Korea

Turkey British Chen (name) E-mail UK







Collective noun-a singular noun, such as committee or team, that refers to a group of people, animals or things and, in British English, can be used with either a singular or a plural verb. In American English it must be used with a singular verb

industry addresses nations mankind world

countries amount students victims Middle-East

companies junk parents youngsters schools







Compound noun-sometimes more than one noun. Is used together to form a name or to refer to an object or a person.

anti-virus Highway overload telephone revolutionized

dog-eat-dog over time playground research



doing overall today pornography









Verb-A verb is a word such as `sing', `feel', or `die' which is used with a subject to say what someone or something does or what happens to them, or to give information about them.

access conducting gives make revenge

address considered go may set

affect created gutter need shock

aim damage handle net source

be deal hate operate spreading

become display humiliate overload struck

brought disseminate ignore panic take

buy engulf impact posted threaten

call feature increase protecting tools

can fielded increasing publish unsolicited

causes found inculcate reached using

circulate gaining indicates realising want

close generated influenced redefined



concern get junk reported







Multi-word verbs

Verbs need not be single words and there are a number of word groups that can be treated as single verbs, such as 'to put up with', 'to take off', 'to get by' and so on.

You can identify a verb by the ability to create an infinitive form, which starts with 'to'.





Main and auxiliary verbs

A sentence or phrase can have two interlocked verbs. The main verb gives the primary action, whilst the auxiliary verb adds subtle detail. Common auxiliary verbs include the verbs to be, to have, to do.



I had fun.

You will be happy.



Modal verbs

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that add 'mood', most commonly imperative and probability. These can be very useful in persuasive situations, as they cause people to think.



You should think about this.

It may rain tomorrow.

Modal verbs often appear in the subjunctive mood:



I wouldn't do that if I were you.

Signals of the subjunctive include 'if' and, particularly, 'were' (as opposed to 'was').





Transitive verbs

A transitive verb acts on an object and hence connects the subject of a sentence with its object, and hence requires both to exist.



I hit the nail. (transitive)





Adjectives-A word that describes a person or thing, for example big, red and clever in a big house, red wine and a clever idea. Adjectives usually come before nouns or after link verbs.

accessible difficult individual overall unnecessary

adults dog-eat-dog intended own unniversary

ailing done involved persistent unsolicited

available erroneous irresponsible powerful violent

black everywhere Japanese prompted working

broke expensive known rampant worthy

capable explicit large regardless young

certain fast latest safe



contentions giant longer secret



corporate graphic multinational selfish



criminals grave material smooth



crippled gruesome mere super



cyber inaccurate net ugly



dangerous incompetent numerous understanding



detected incorrect only unidentified







Possessive Adjectives

A possessive adjective modifies a noun by telling whom it belongs to. It answers the question "Whose?"

Examples are: his, her, its, my, our, their, and your.



You can share my rice.

Have you seen their house?

This is his room.

They are our friends.



Demonstrative Adjectives

The demonstrative adjectives that, these, this, those, and what answer the question "Which?"



I'm going to open that present.

Whose is this bag?

These mangoes are very sweet.

A demonstrative adjective may look like a demonstrative pronoun, but it is used differently in the sentence: it is an adjective, used to modify a noun or pronoun.



Adverbs-A word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.

all minor only today worldwide

any more possibly up



even never so virtually



how not some where



however on there without





ADVERBS OF MANNER - these answer the question how?

This adverb usually comes after the direct object or if there is no direct object, after the verb:

She speaks Italian beautifully.

He works well.

You must drive your car carefully.

Eat quietly.

Possibly virtually worldwide





ADVERBS OF PLACE - these answer the question where?

This adverb usually comes after the object, otherwise after the verb:

We saw you there.

We were sitting here.

We looked everywhere.

Note: somewhere, anywhere, follow the same rules as some and any:

Have you seen my glasses anywhere?

I'm sure I left them somewhere.

I can't find them anywhere.

there where how







ADVERBS OF TIME - these answer the question when?

This adverb usually comes either at the very beginning of the sentence or at the end.

Afterwards we decided to go by car. I've done that journey before.

Note: yet and still: yet should be placed at the end of the sentence.

Still should be placed before the verb, except with the verb 'to be' when it comes after.

We haven't started yet.

He still wears old-fashioned clothes.

She is still a student.

Compare these two sentences:

The train still hasn't arrived.

The train hasn't arrived yet.

Today

However

So

even



ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY - these answer the question how many times?

This adverb comes after the verb 'to be':

She is always honest.

Comes before simple tenses of all other verbs:

They sometimes spend the whole of Saturday fishing.

Comes after the first auxiliary in a tense consisting of more than one verb:

I have often wondered how they did that.

I can sometimes go without food for days.

Note: with 'used to' and 'have' the frequency adverb is usually placed in front:

We always used to look forward to the school holidays.

He never has any trouble with his old car.

any more minor all some

only never not without




ADVERBS OF DEGREE - these answer the question to what extent?

This adverb can modify an adverb or an adjective and comes before the word it modifies:

The bottle is almost full, nearly empty.

They should be able to pass their exams quite easily.

The following adverbs of degree can also modify verbs:

almost, nearly, quite, hardly, scarcely, barely, just

They follow the same pattern as frequency adverbs in terms of where they are placed:

I quite understand.

We had almost reached the hut when the rain started.

I am just beginning a new course.

Up

On





Articles-Articles are words such as a, an and the. These words are actually adjectives, that is demonstratives adjectives.

a an the




Pronouns-A word that you use to refer to someone or something when you do not need to use a noun, often because the person or thing has been mentioned earlier. Examples are `it', `she', `something', and `myself

all many own these who

any more some this you

both most that what

each one them when

it others there which




Prepositions-A word or group of words, such as in, from, to, out of and on behalf of, used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method

after before from on to

amount besides in out via

as by into since with

at for of than






PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

In English as in Spanish prepositions of time are used to indicate when an action happens and how much it last. All these prepositions answer the question “When?”. They are used with nouns and pronouns. Example:

Many shops don't open on Sundays.

I visited Italy in July, in spring, in 1994

It gets cold at night.

England have not won the World Cup in football since 1966

I'm just going to bed for an hour or so.

The dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago.

She's always up before dawn.

It's twenty to six.

five past ten

It's only two weeks to Christmas.

The museum is open from 9.30 to 6.00 Tuesday to Sunday.

We waited till / until half past six for you.

She had promised to be back by five o'clock.





PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND LOCATION

In English as in Spanish these prepositions are used to specify the place or the location of a

Noun. Example:

I watch TV in the living-room

I live in New York

I met her at the entrance, at the bus stop

Look at the picture on the wall

The girl who is by / next to / beside the house.

The town lies halfway between Rome and Florence.

I hung my coat behind the door.

She started talking to the man in front of her

the cat is under the chair.

the plane is just below the the cloud.

She held the umbrella over both of us.

a path above the lake

She walked across the field/road.

He sailed across the Atlantic

They walked slowly through the woods.

We went to Prague last year.

I go to bed at ten.

Shall we go into the garden?

She stood up and walked towards him.

I slipped as I stepped onto the platform.

What time does the flight from Amsterdam arrive?



Conjunctions-A word or group of words that joins together words, groups, or clauses. In English, there are co-ordinating conjunctions such as `and' and `but', and subordinating conjunctions such as `although', `because', and `when'.

and but that where

as since then while

before than when





Compound conjunctions

Compound conjunctions come as phrases, where several words together act as a join. They typically end in 'as' or 'that'.

I will come with you as long as you promise to buy me a drink.





Punctuations-Is the use of symbols such as full stops or periods, commas, or question marks to divide written words into sentences and clauses.

Full stop ( . ) Semi colon ( ; ) Apostrophe ( ‘ )

Comma ( ,) Colon ( : ) Quations Marks ( “ “ )

Question mark ( ? ) Exclamation mark ( ! ) Single quation marks (‘ ’ )

Hypen ( - ) Brackets ( ) Dash (--)







Plural-a form of a noun or verb that refers to more than one person or thing

computer levels child other

angers school parents data







Singular- a form of a noun or verb that refers to one person or thing

arrival organizations has rumours

waves society space communication





Simple present tense- to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples:

I play tennis.

She does not play tennis.

Does he play tennis?

The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.

The train does not leave at 9 AM

has become go is are







Simple past tense- to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

posted brought created damaged

needed generated reached generated

was reported influenced unsolicited







Present continuous tense- Use the Present Continuous with normal verb to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. Examples:

You are learning English now.

You are not swimming now.

Are you sleeping?

I am sitting.

I am not standing.





Past comtinous tense- Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples:

I was watching TV when she called.

When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

What were you doing when the earthquake started?





Present perfect tense- We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.